Illiteracy: Education and Others Essay

absence of education is thing which mean incapable to peruse and compose or don’t have essential instruction. we realize that perusing and composing is just the wellspring of learning training efficiently. the point of formal instruction is to tame a man ethically morally just as give him the abilities that can be useful for him to remain with the creating social orders. on the off chance that we talk about lack of education in more extensive sense , plainly it's anything but a decent part of any general public. Pakistan is one of the creating nations. Pakistan is getting by for some, issues included ignorance. he issues began from an individual and altogether impacts the entire society to where he has a place with. as we realize that a general public is an association and people in bunches are the segments of this association , so in the event that a huge gathering of association can't, at that point how might they continue the general public. the improvement of a general public is really is the improvement of people. individuals delay to instructed their kids officially. There are numerous reasons 1. Neediness: the expense of formal and quality eduction is exceptionally high so an even white collar class family can't manage the cost of it. nd huge number of our smart understudies can't get training . regularly individuals of Pakistan battle to accomplish the essential needs of life and overlook this even it is a likewise a need of life. govt ought to present projects and spend financial plans for instructive projects so our nation can likewise remain with the created nations . 2. Sex segregation : Pakistan is an Islamic republic . in Pakistan individuals even not instructed strictly they don’t know the significance of information that religion Islam characterizes them. so they don’t know the privileges of others. uman creatures can be partitioned into two catagories . male and female . male as the predominant kind , doesn't permit lady to arrive rights in the general public . the rights additionally incorporate the privilege of getting instruction. the populace is contains enormous quantities of females . ladies are the 49. 19% of the entire populace. so because of sexual orientation imbalance this class stays ignorant and causes the expanding pace of absence of education . the proficiency rate in Pakistan is 46% and this brought about by the huge no of females and connected with youngsters with work to help the family. 3. Nawareness: regularly individuals doesn't bolster the instruction ,right off the bat they imagine that it is a misuse of cash and time . a kid ought to be talented so as to help the family financially. the other confusion is that the youngsters uncommonly the female kids will get ruin in the event that they go to class. a few people believe that the today’s instructive framework will ruin the strict ideas. this all mistaken assumptions are delivering the uneducated age. people in general is under the weight of conservative and political catastrophes and can't get it however the main arrangement is education.

Effects essays

Impacts papers As the issues of war change, the impacts of war of a family vary here and there and continue as before in different manners. A family will even now damage of the passing of a relative and the correspondence between relatives has changed. From the measures of war today to the perspectives or war, changes happen up and down the way, yet things despite everything continues as before. Common War or World War, the impacts of correspondence from the past till now have advanced. At the point when a relative heads off to war, there is less correspondence. That relative can compose letters like the officers backed in the common war. Presently, fighters can email and utilize moment errand person. This improves correspondence between relatives. Likewise, the vast majority today have PDAs. They help officers to speak with their relatives, except if there is no administration where they are. Despite the fact that there is more innovation to help correspondence between relatives, an opportunity to impart of a fighter continues as before. Previously, the arm powers comprised of just men. Today men, yet in addition ladies can join the military or naval force to help battle in a war. Likewise, before, fighters rode around to towns soliciting anybody (white guys of about the age 18 and a few captives) to join their side. Much the same as before, spouses, single men, separated from men, beaus, despite everything partake in the war. Today, fighters of any race or sex may work in shifts parts of the military/naval force/marines, however just on the off chance that they finish a progression of assessments. At the point when a relative in the war bites the dust, the impacts continue as before. The family gets a letter or somebody calls or visits the family to advise the family to terrible news. The family would in any case be extremely harmed over the departure of a friend or family member. They would at present need a legitimate entombment for that individual. Relatives can even now have various perspectives of a war. The two of them can take various sides in war and stay near one another. Previously, generally relatives t... <!

Pleadings/Complaint Essay Example

Pleadings/Complaint Essay Comes the Plaintiff Dale M. Roehnig, a minor, inhabitant of Davidson County, Nashville, Tennessee, sues the Defendant Herman A. Schulman, an inhabitant of Davidson County, Nashville, Tennessee, in a reason for activity for harms in the entirety of Twenty Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000) and for reason for activity would appear: 1. That both the Plaintiff and the Defendant were inhabitants of Davidson County, Nashville, Tennessee and lived nearby to one another at 2413 Valley Crest Drive Nashville, TN 37201 on June 29, 1993. 2. That the Plaintiff Dale M. Roehnig was 1. 5 years of age on date of episode June 29, 1993 when he was pulled in to a riding trimmer, being driven by the Defendant Herman A. Schulman. The Plaintiff moved toward the trimmer from the back of the Defendant and the cutter struck his toes causing genuine injury. 3. 4. That the demonstration of carelessness by the Defendant Herman A. Schulman as expressed thus were the immediate and proximate reason for the wounds that Plaintiff Dale M. Roehnig continued and that under the realities in this set out, the Defendant Herman A. Schulman is at risk to the Plaintiff for all wounds and harms. WHEREFORE, the Plaintiff Dale M. Roehnig, requests judgment against the Defendant Herman A. Schulman for harms in the entirety of Twenty Five Thousand Dollars ($25,000) and further requests a jury to attempt this reason for activity. ROBERT W. MITCHELL (32112) Attorney for the Plaintiff 804 Stahlman Building Nashville, TN 37201 (615) 555-5555 We will compose a custom paper test on Pleadings/Complaint explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Pleadings/Complaint explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Pleadings/Complaint explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

Biomechanical differences beetween male and female marathon runners - Free Essay Example

More than by brain size or tool-making ability, the human species was set apart from its ancestors by the ability to jog mile after lung-stabbing mile with greater endurance than any other primate. The introductory quotation (Hotz, 2004) simply, yet vividly, expresses the results of a recent study completed by two American scientists, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman, and released in the journal Nature(2004). Bramble and Lieberman contend that the ability to run long distances was the driving force shaping the modern human anatomy.Hotz’s characterization of early humans as marathon men and women from the tips of their distinctively short toes and long Achilles tendons to the tops of their biomechanically balanced heads (emphasis added) sets the backdrop for this essay—an exploration of the biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners. After a few additional historical comments, this essay opens with a presentation of anatomical differe nces between men and women with specific reference to running then continues with definitions and descriptions of the term marathon, as a form of organized running sport, and definitions for the term biomechanics in preparation for a discussion of how the field of biomechanics is applied to running. With this information as a foundation, the objective and scope will be articulated followed by presentation of previous methods and findings revealed from a search of the literature on the topic of biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners and closely-related topics. These findings will be discussed and conclusions drawn. Finally, recommendations for further research will be presented. To return briefly to the research findings of Bramble, a paleontologist and biomechanics expert, and Lieberman, a physical anthropologist, to continue setting the backdrop for the essay, Bramble states: Running made us human, at least in an anatomical sense. We think running is one of the most transforming events in human history (Chui, 2004). Endurance running is an activity that is reserved for humans in the primate world and not common in other mammals with the exception of dogs, horses and a few others. Bramble and Lieberman contend that running permitted humans to scave nge and hunt for food over significant distances and that the high protein food they secured was instrumental in developing larger brains (Wilford, 2004). To facilitate running, humans developed several traits including large buttocks with strong muscles which connect the femur to the trunk of the body preventing the body from over-balancing with each step. In addition, humans have a lengthy arm-swinging stride and [l]ong ligaments and tendons—including the Achilles tendon—[which] serve as springs that store and release mechanical energy during running.(Hotz, 2004). Bramble’s reference to today’s running in the evolutionary context he and Lieberman established provides an appropriate introduction to the exploration of the biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners (Wilford, 2004): Today, endurance running is primarily a form of exercise and recreation, but its roots may be as ancient as the origin of the human genus. The description of anatomical differences between men and women,which is focused on anatomical features that are involved in running,begins with a gender-neutral discussion to establish a foundation for the more gender-specific information. Rossi (2003) emphasizes the complexity of walking, a precursor torunning. He writes that half of the 650 muscles and tendons in thehuman body are involved in what most people consider to be the simpleact of walking. He suggests that, in the evolution of the human body,there were hundreds of adaptations that had to take place,adaptations that required repositioning of everything in the bodyover several million years. Rossi writes: The arms, no longer needed for branch swinging, became shorter, thelegs longer, the pelvis wider, the shoulders narrower, the neck longerand more slender, the spine changed from C-shape to S-shape. Majorchanges were required in the hip, knee and ankle joints. Hundreds ofmuscles, tendons, ligaments and joints gradu ally shifted in position,size and function. And of course, the new posture and gait requiredimportant changes in the size and position of all the organs of thechest and abdomen. Rossi suggests that some of these changes were extremely significantfrom a biomechanical perspective. For instance, he calls attention tothe blood pumping requirement of the upright human form: Daily in eachindividual, approximately 74,000 quarts of blood must travel through100,000 miles of blood vessels from the brain to the feet and legs in acircular pattern. Rossi emphasizes the human engineering challengethat was required to design a system that would counteract the effectsof gravity in moving blood vertically in this manner. Rossi’s commentsare particularly important in the context of the current discoursebecause they provide some insight into the current state of relevantanatomical features of today’s runners and how those features werederived. The anatomy of humans, unlike that of other living creatures,provides for speed and endurance. The unique characteristics related torunning include (Science in Africa, 2005, citing University of Utah Public Relations, 2004): †¢ Skull features. These features, which include sweating from the scalp and face, cool the blood. †¢ A balanced head. This shape of head with a relatively flat face,small teeth, and short snout moves the center of the mass backwardwhich helps to counter the effects of moving upward and downward duringrunning. †¢ A ligament running from the rear of the skill and neck downward tothe thoracic vertebrae. This feature serves as a shock absorber thataids the arms and shoulders in counterbalancing the head during runningactivity. †¢ Shoulders decoupled from the head and neck. This feature allowsrotation of the body while the head faces forward during running. †¢ A tall body. This feature, which includes a narrow trunk, waistand pelvis, provides for increased sk in surface allowing for enhancedbody cooling and permits the upper and lower body segments to moveindependently. †¢ Short forearms. This feature permits the upper body to act as acounterbalance to the lower body during running activity while reducingthe muscle power required for maintaining flexed arms. †¢ Large vertebrae and disks. This feature permits the human back to accepted heavier loads when runners impact the ground. †¢ Large, strong connection between the pelvis and the spine. Thisfeature supports more stability and shock absorbing capacity duringrunning activity. †¢ Large buttocks. This feature, and the muscles that form it,stabilize the body during running activity. The connection of thesemuscles to the femur prevents the body from pitching forward. †¢ Long legs. This feature allows humans to take large strides duringrunning activity. The tendons and ligaments permit the legs to belighter and less muscular thereby requiring a s maller amount of energyto propel them while running. †¢ Large hip, knee, and ankle joint surface areas. These featuresprovide enhanced shock absorption by reducing the impact in any onespecific area. †¢ Arrangement of bones in the foot. This feature provides for a morerigid foot by creating a stable arch, allowing runners to push off in amore efficient manner and to use ligaments located on the bottom of thefeet as springs. †¢ Large heel bone, short toes, and a big toe. These features providefor enhanced shock absorption and increased capacity to push off duringrunning activity. With the running-related anatomical features applicable to allhumans as a foundation, the focus now turns to the differences inanatomical features between men and women, specifically those featuresthat are involved in running activity. Holschen (2004) writes that,until puberty, males and females are equal in terms of strength,aerobic power, heart size, and weight; they also have similar amountsof body fat. Starting at puberty, according to Holschen (2004), male and female sexhormones begin affecting bone and lean body mass, circulation, andmetabolism in different ways. A female typically has a wider pelvis,femoral anteversion (inward twisting of the femur), genu valgum (kneestouch but ankles are separated), and external tibial torsion (feet donot line up in a straight manner because of out-toeing from outwardrotation of the large calf bone). Center of gravity differences betweenmen and women are minimal, correlating more by body type and heightthan with gender. (Atwater, 1985, cited in Holschen, 2004). Whencompared with males, females typically have smaller bones accompaniedby smaller articular surfaces. They also have proportionately shorterlegs with resulting decreased potential force in certain maneuvers.(Holschen, 2004). At puberty, girls gain both fat and lean muscle mass due to theinfluence of female hormones; boys lose body fat and add muscle massdue to the influence of male hormones (Holschen, 2004). Women inadulthood have about ten percent more body fat than do their malecounterparts (Greydanus, D. and Patel, D., 2002, cited in Holschen,2004). The basal metabolic rate is approximately ten percent lower inwomen than in men. The presence of female hormones mandates that womenrely more on fat metabolism at any given exercise level when comparedto men. In addition, glycogen uptake, storage, and use are increased.(Holschen, 2004, citing Bonekat, H. W. et al., 1987; Dombovy, M. L. etal., 1987; Frankovich, R. J. and Lebrun, C. M., 2000; Nicklas, B. J. etal., 1989; Tarnopolsky, L. J., 1990) Cureton and associates (1988,cited in Holschen, 2004) attribute the differences in muscle strengthbetween men and woman to skeletal and cardiac muscular hypertrophy andmuscle mass percentage; they contend that muscle mass in men is fortypercent compared to twenty-three percent in women. Changes in body composition and circulatory capacit y beginning atpuberty result in approximately twenty percent highercardio-respiratory capacity in men. Men also have comparatively higheroxygen-carrying capacity, larger heart and lung mass, a higher strokevolume, and higher maximal cardiac output which result in greatereffectiveness in aerobic and anaerobic activities, although trainingcan overcome the inherent differences (Williford, H. N. et al., 1993,cited in Holschen, 2004). The results of the current research point to fundamental anatomicaldifferences between men and woman, differences that largely begin toappear during puberty and which have some bearing on runningcapability. The term running can be defined as [moving] swiftly on foot sothat both feet leave the ground during each stride (American HeritageDictionary of the English Language, 2000). The research by Bramble andLieberman (2004, cited in Nature, 2004), which was presented earlier,seems to indicate that running has been part of human existence sinceits beginnings and, in fact, contributed significantly to developmentof human life today. Humans no longer require running for survival, atleast in their normal affairs; that is, typically, humans do not haveto run from danger or run in pursuit of animals to kill for food. Inmodern times, running has taken on a new form—competition foot racing.This competition racing can be against oneself to achieve one’s ownpersonal best or with others. Racing against others can take manyforms ranging from informal competitions between two young friendsracing against one another on a playground to very formal competitionssuch as those in the quadrenn ial Olympics. The more formal runningcompetitions are typically classified by the length of the run: 100,200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, and 10000 meters as well as marathons(Dollman, 2003). There are many terms that refer to specific forms of foot racing: run,dash, sprint, relay, meet, competitive trial of speed, footrace, andmarathon (Webster’s New World Thesaurus, 1997). Of these, the termsdash and sprint are typically used interchangeably to describe ashort, fast run or race (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1988) or ashort, swift movement (Webster’s New World Thesaurus, 1997). Organizeddashes and sprints are commonly of 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters,50 yards, 100 yards, and 200 yards in length (Webster’s New WorldThesaurus, 1997). Marathons are a form of long-distance running, whichare on- and off-the-track competitions of more than 3000 meters (Hlus,1997). Specifically, a marathon is a footrace of 42 kilometers, 195meters (26 miles, 385 yards) run over an open course, or anylong-distance or endurance contest People who compete in marathons arecalled marathoners (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1998).Physiologically, there is a fundamental difference between a sprint ordash and a marathon. According to Pritchard (1994), A sprinter canexert maximum force throughout the run, but this is not possible forlonger runs, where propulsive force must be reduced to match energyavailability. Historically, marathons are not new events. According to legend, thename marathon is derived from the Greek city, Marathon, to commemoratePheidippides’s run from that city to Athens to announce Greek victoryover the Persians. The marathon was introduced to the Olympics in 1896and today’s official distance was established in 1908. (Hlus, 1997; TheColumbia Encyclopedia, 2005) Today, in addition to marathon races inthe Olympics, many cities throughout the world serve as sites forannual or other periodic marathons (The Columbia Enc yclopedia, 2005). A new form of marathon race has recently taken form—the ultramarathon,which is any organized footrace extending beyond the standard marathonrunning distance of 42 kilometers, 195 meters†¦[they] typically begin at 50 kilometers and extend to enormous distances (Blaikie, n. d.).Standard distances for ultramarathons are 50 and 100 kilometers and 50and 100 miles (Meyers, 2002) with the longest certified race being theSri Chinmoy, a 2092 kilometer race held annually in New York (Blaikie,n. d.). The research produced numerous and varied definitions for the termbiomechanics. The following are representative of the findings: †¢ The study of the mechanics of a living body, especially of theforces exerted by muscles and gravity on the skeletal structure. (TheAmerican Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000). †¢ [The] application of mechanical engineering principles andtechniques in the field of medicine and surgery, studying naturalstructures to improve those produced by humans (The HutchinsonEncyclopedia, 2003). †¢ [A] science examining the forces acting upon and within a biologicalstructure, and the effects produced by those forces (The University ofCalgary, n. d.). †¢ [T]he science that deals with forces and their effects, applied to biological systems (Freivalds, 2004). †¢ [T]he application of the principles and techniques of mechanics to the human body in motion (Snowden, 2001). †¢ Biomechanics is a specific field which evaluates the motion of aliving organism†¦and the actions of forces on that organism†¦acombination of several different areas of study [including] anatomy andphysiology, kinematics (the study of motion without regard to itscauses), kinesiology (the study of human movement) and kinetics (thestudy of forces acting on a system) (National Endurance SportsTrainers Association, 2005). In furnishing a definition for biomechanics, the Quintic ConsultancyLtd. (2005) provides some additional insight into the origin anddetails of the term, stating that the name is derived from the Greekbios meaning life and mekhaniki meaning mechanics, adding that theseindividual terms are combined to mean the mechanics of life forms.The biomechanics discipline includes research into various life formsincluding plants, insects, reptiles, birds, fish, humans, and others.Within the human specialty, topics include mechanics of bone, tooth,muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, skin, prosth eses, blood flow, airflow, eye movement, joint movement [and] whole body movement (TheQuintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005). Historically, according to Knudson (2003), the study of humanbiomechanics has alternated between emphasizing each of its twocomponents—the biological and the mechanical. Atwater (1980, cited inKnudson, 2003) claims that, during the first half of the twentiethcentury, scholars emphasized medicine and anatomy under the termkinesiology. The distinct field of biomechanics was born from the workof biomechanists in the 1960s and 1970s. From that point the fieldbegan to emphasize mechanics over biology. Today, the competing forcesto move the discipline either toward a biological emphasis or toward amechanical emphasis continue (Knudson, 2003). The field of biomechanics, already narrowed in a previous sectionfrom consideration of all life forms to only humans for the purpose ofthis essay, can be focused even further to a sub-field called sportsbiomechanics (The Quintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005): Sports biomechanics uses the scientific methods of mechanics tostudy the effects of various forces on the sports performer. It isconcerned, in particular, with the forces that act on the humanneuromusculoskeletal system, velocities, accelerations, torque,momentum, and inertia. It also considers aspects of the behavior ofsports implements, footwear and surfaces where these affect athleticperformance or injury prevention. Sports biomechanics can be divided upinto two sections: performance improvement [and] injury prevention. The Australian Sports Commission (n. d.) furnishes additionaldescriptive information on the application of biomechanics to sports,using a term the Commission calls applied sports biomechanics whichincorporates techniques from physics, human anatomy, mathematics,computing and engineering to analyse technique to prevent injury andimprove performance. The Commission’s division of sports biomechanicsinto two categoriesâ⠂¬â€performance improvement and injuryprevention—echoes the classifications offered by The QuinticConsultancy Ltd. Williams (2003) describes how biomechanics can help runnerperformance, specifically that of the marathoner. Leading into hisrecommendations, he describes how marathon runners use a simplebiomechanical strategy known as drafting off another runner whenrunning into the wind to reduce the adverse effects of air resistanceand reduce oxygen consumption for the latter part of the race. Hewrites: The goal of the sport biomechanist is to improve movement efficiency,mainly by maximizing propulsive forces and minimizing resistive forces,and thus provide the athlete with a mechanical edge. Using high-speedcinematography, the biomechanist can analyze a runner’s form and detectproblems in running form that may be inefficient, such as overstriding,and that may waste energy. Although most elite and experiencedmarathoners have developed efficient running styles, ev en a smallimprovement in running efficiency may make a significant differenceover the duration of a marathon. In addition to the strategy of drafting off another runner,Williams offers several other biomechanical strategies includingselecting the proper sportswear (i.e. uniform and shoes) and optimizingbody weight and composition. Thus far the topics of anatomical differences between men and womenwith specific reference to running; definitions and descriptions of theterms marathon (as an organized, competitive form of running) andbiomechanics; and the application of biomechanics to running have beenpresented and discussed. With this as a foundation, the focus of thediscourse now turns to the topic of biomechanical differences betweenmale and female marathon runners and closely-related topics. The objective of this portion of the essay will be to explore thebiomechanical differences between male and female marathon runnersthrough a review and analysis of selected literature on the topic andrelated issues. The scope of the literature review will include marathon running withspecific reference to available information on the differences betweenmales and females. Although running of shorter distances (e.g. sprintsand dashes) and longer distances (e.g. ultramarathons) as well as othersports activities are excluded from the specific scope of this essay,references will be made to these activities when they related tomarathon running. Performance improvement and injury prevention werementioned as the two primary areas addressed by applied sportsbiomechanics. Gender-specific issues in each of these areas will beexplored briefly as well. REVIEW OF EXISTING RESEARCH ON METHODS AND FINDINGS One researcher who has studied gender differences in enduranceperformance, including marathon running, is Stephen Seiler (1996) ofThe Institute for Sport, Agder College in Kristianstad, Norway. Hewrites: Some years ago it was proposed by some that women wouldactually perform better [than men] at ultra-endurance type activities.This theory has been disproved in the laboratory and in practice. Aslong as women are women, I don’t think they will surpass men, statesNorways perennial marathon winner Grete Waitz (quoted in Holden,2004). The anatomical differences between females and their malecounterparts, specifically those that affect running, were presented inthe introduction. Now an attempt will be made to show that the generalanatomical differences between men and women extend to biomechanicaldifferences that affect marathon running performance and injury. Holschen (2004) writes that [T]he female athlete remains less wellunderstood and less well studied compared with male a thletes,especially in the areas of performance factors, repetitive stress, andacute injuries. She continues: Logical reasons for this include: (a)a limited two-generation span of the high-profile elite female; (b)fewer females involved in coaching, research, and sports medicine; and(c) limited areas of female youth sports historically (gymnastics,swimming, dance). The reality of Holschen’s findings proved to be truein the current research activity. There were remarkably few availablesources on the biomechanics involved in women’s marathon running. Mostof the research either applied to males or did not identify the gender.Results from a review of selected research literature will be presentedin this section beginning with gender-differentiated research resultson running performance. Following this, results of research into thetwo applied sports biomechanics specialties will be presented with afocus on studies concerning footwear and injuries. Holden (2004) writes abo ut performance in running with specialattention to female runners. She quotes physiologist Henrik Larsen ofthe Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre in explaining women’s marathonperformance vis-à  -vis men: Women had not developed long distance;that’s why the improvement is much greater on the marathon. Larsen,who seems to attribute the performance improvements of femalemarathoners to focused training instead of anatomic factors, claimsthat [w]e don’t see any higher oxidative capacity in women. Holdenalso offers comments by exercise physiologist Timothy Noakes of theUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa who agrees with Larsen’sassessment: A smaller body frame gives women an edge on endurance†¦butmen can run 10% faster even when the difference in body size iscontrolled for. Stephen Seiler (1996), who was quoted at the start of this sectionstating that the proposal that women could perform better inultra-endurance activities has been disproved, confir ms that there aresome physiological differences between the sexes that impactperformance in females independent of age. He notes that there is aten percent difference in marathon times between men and women, addingthat this difference is the same across the distance runningperformance spectrum. He attributes this difference, not to adifference in training, but to physiological differences. He studiedmaximal oxygen consumption, the lactate threshold, and efficiency toanalyze the differences between men and women as these factors mightaffect long-distance running performance: †¢ Maximal Oxygen Consumption. There is a 43 percent differencebetween men and women with men possessing a VO2 max (oxygen-deliveringcapacity measure) of 3.5 liters per minute and women with a capacity of2.0 liters per minute. Seiler attributes this in part to male size; menare larger. But, even when size is factored in, male oxygen consumptioncapacity is still fifteen to twenty percent higher. Males hav e agreater capacity to deliver oxygen to their muscles and organs. †¢ The Lactate Threshold. This is the point at which lactic acidbegins to accumulate at higher than normal levels in the blood streamindicating an exercise intensity boundary at which the level ofintensity can be maintained over a long period and that which willresult in quick fatigue. Seiler does not believe that lactatethresholds are different for men and women as a percentage of their VO2max. †¢ Efficiency. After finding conflicting information comparing theefficiency of males and females—revealing that females are lessefficient, more efficient, or the same as males in terms ofefficiency—Seiler believes that differences in efficiency do notaccount for the differences in endurance performance. Seiler concludes with his determination that the ten percentperformance difference between men and women in endurance running canbe attributed to the first of the three physiological factors hestudied—maximal oxygen consumption. Another researcher who explored gender differences in athletics,and especially in endurance events, is Dollman (2003). Citing Shepard(2000), Dollman writes that there is consistent evidence, based onobservations, that males possess larger measures of the following(quoted): †¢ Heart volume, even when corrected for stature. †¢ Haematocrit, which gives males a 13 percent greater oxygen-carrying capacity than females. †¢ Plasma volume. †¢ Total muscle mass, which means that females perform the sameabsolute task at a higher percentage of maximum voluntary contraction,with concomitant vascular impedance limiting cardiac ejection and peakcardiac output. In addition, male skeletal muscles may have a higher succinatedehydrogenase (an integral membrane protein) concentration (Dollman,2003, citing Costill, et al., 1987). Males may produce bettermechanical efficiency during running (Dollman, 2003, citing Miu ra,1997) although this is arguable as it may be rooted in cultural origins(Dollman, 2003, citing Shepard, 2000). Now attention will turn briefly to a review of selected researchinto the two primary application areas addressed by applied sportsbiomechanics: running performance and injuries. Regarding performance,footwear will be discussed followed by a presentation of selectedfindings on research into injuries. Gender issues will be introduced. Lipsky (2001, citing Hennig, 2001) presented research findings ongender-specific requirements for athletic footwear designed forrunning. The research experiment involved fifteen women and seventeenmen of the same body weights, heights, and ages. Each subject wore thesame shoe size and each tested five types of shoes which included threestyles of men’s shoes and two styles for women. Using Kistler forceplatforms at a set velocity, ground force reactions, tibialacceleration, angular foot motion, and plantar pressures at eightstrateg ic locations on the foot were measured. According to Lipsky, theexperiment revealed that none of the variables demonstrated asignificant interaction among gender and footwear type meaning, Lipskycontends, that women had the same biomechanical dilemmas in men’sshoes as they did in their own footwear. Despite similarity in thetest subjects’ weight and other factors, men exhibited higher pressurerates in all regions of the foot. Men had significantly higher heelloads, but less midfoot loads, indicating that the arches of women donot support the middle of their feet. According to Lipsky, theseresults support the conclusions that women have a stronger collapse ofthe longitudinal arch†¦during weight bearing and have an increasedtendency of pronation and the smaller amount of pressure to theground. The recommendation from this study is that women should selectrunning shoes that protect against overpronation. This, according toLipsky, will help prevent knee injuries. B artold (2004) adds to the literature on the differences inrequirements for athletic shoes for men and women. He claims thatrunning footwear is largely designed and manufactured for malerunners, making little recognition that women have significant injuryissues compared to men. Although Bartold acknowledges that reasons forinjuries are not scientifically established, he indicates thatproposals have been made that known differences in structure maypredispose female athletes to differences in running mechanics, andthese differences may lead to specific injuries, continuing by statingthat [a]necdotally, we have excellent evidence [that] the particularbiomechanics of female athletes and the way they run predisposes themto specific injury patterns. With regard to injuries, Parfit (1994) compared running injuries ofmiddle distance runners and marathon runners, concluding that thelatter incur more injuries when compared to the former (approximatelyeighty-two percent for middle distance r unners compared to ninety-sevenpercent for marathoners). Acknowledging validity questions due to smallrunner populations studied and lack of injury definitions, Parfit foundthat whilst marathon runners suffered from back problems and hipailments, middle distance runners were more susceptible to kneeproblems, stress fractures, and shin splints. Certain types of knee, shoulder and back injuries are more commonin females and can in part be attributed to differences in body shapeand biomechanics, reports Glasgow, Scotland’s Daily Record (2004).Taunton et al. (2002) found that there were significant differencesbetween running injuries incurred by men and women. According to thisstudy, knee injuries seemed to be the most common injury in both sexeswith men experiencing higher incidences of the following injuries (thefirst percentage shown in parenthesis is for men; the second forwomen): †¢ plantar fasciitis, an injury to the fascia connective tissue on the bottom of the foot (54%/46%); †¢ meniscal injury, a condition in the knee cartilage that acts ascushion between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia) (69%/31%); †¢ patellar tendinopathy, a rupture in the tendon that connects the kneecap to the tibia (57%/43%); †¢ Achilles tendinopathy, tendon pain or dysfunction in the muscle that connects the calf to the heel of the foot (58%/42%); †¢ gastrocnemius injury, a condition in the largest, most prominentmuscle in the calf which allows for extending the foot and bending theknee (70%/30%); †¢ adductor injury, a condition, such as a tear, in the muscle in the inner thigh (68%/32%); and †¢ osteoarthritis of the knee, a degenerative joint diseasecharacterized by breakdown of the articular cartilage in the joint(71%/29%). The study by Taunton et al. (2002) revealed that women experiencedhigher incidences of the following running injuries (the firstpercentage shown in parenthesis is for women; the second for men): †¢ PFPS, or patellofemoral pain syndrome, a pain behind the kneesometimes known as runner’s knee (62%/32%, does not add to 100%); †¢ ITBFS, or iliotibial band friction syndrome, a conditioncharacterized by injury to the thick band of fibrous tissue that runsdown the outside of the leg beginning at the hip and extending to theouter side of the shin bone just below the knee joint (62%/32%, doesnot add to 100%); †¢ gluteus medius injury, a condition characterized by injury to oneof the muscles that holds the pelvis upright when a step is taken(76%/24%); and †¢ sacroiliac injury, a condition characterized by damage to the smalljoint that lies at the junction of the spine and the pelvis which iscritical in transferring the weight load of the upper body to the lowerbody (91%/9%). Although a trend seems apparent, Taunton and associates hesitate togeneralize such a finding, noting that other studies have notdifferentiated sp ecific injuries by sex and at least one (Macintyre etal, 1991, cited in Taunton et al., 2002) reported that there was littledifference, anatomically, in the sites of injuries in males andfemales. This essay began by placing the topic of biomechanical differencesbetween male and female marathon runners in an evolutionary context.With this context as a backdrop, the focus of the essay turned to apresentation of anatomical differences between men and women withspecific reference to running then continued with definitions anddescriptions of the term marathon as a form of organized running sportand the term biomechanics in preparation for a discussion of how thefield of biomechanics is applied to running. With a general foundationestablished, and after articulating the objective and scope of theresearch, the findings emanating from a search of the literature on thetopic of biomechanical differences between male and female marathonrunners and closely-related topics were presented. A s an introduction to the discussion of the anatomical differencesbetween men and women that affect running, Rossi’s work (2002) was usedto emphasize the anatomical complexity of walking as a precursor torunning and the hundreds of adaptations that were needed to renderthe human body capable of walking. An article in Science in Africa(2005) provided insight into humans’ unique anatomical characteristicsthat support the running activity. The results of Holschen’s research(2004), and cited works of other researchers, indicated that pubertymarks the point at which males and females diverge in terms of factorsthat affect running capabilities. These factors include musclestrength, aerobic power, heart size, lung mass, weight, bone size,articular surface size, leg length, basal metabolic rate and body fat.Holschen attributes these pubescent changes to the differentiatingeffects of male and female hormones. Definitions of the term marathon with comparisons to other t ypes ofrunning were presented. This presentation began with a definition ofthe term running. Dollman’s (2003) work was used to show that formalrunning competitions are typically classified by the length of the run.Several reference sources as well as Pritchard’s work (1994) were usedto identify, then selectively define, types of foot racing todifferentiate marathon running from all other forms of organizedrunning activity for the purpose of this essay. A brief history of themarathon, tracing the name to ancient Greek times and the origins ofthe organized sport itself to the late nineteenth century, was providedusing various reference sources. Based on the works of Blaikie (n. d.)and Meyers (2002), the concept of a new form of extreme marathon—theultramarathon—was described. The review of the literature revealed an assortment of definitionsfor the term biomechanics from reference sources, academicinstitutions, researchers, consultants, and runnersâ€⠄¢ associationsincluding those from The American Heritage Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage (2000), The Hutchinson Encylopedia (2003), The University ofCalgary (n. d.), Freivalds (2004), Snowden (2001), the NationalEndurance Sports Trainers Association (2005), and the QuinticConsultancy Ltd. (2005). Not surprisingly, all definitions in some waylink the disciplines of mechanics and anatomy reflecting the Greekorigin of the term biomechanics—bios meaning life and mekhanikimeaning mechanics (Quintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005). Knudson (2003)explained how the emphasis on anatomy and mechanics has shifted backand forth since the establishment of biomechanics as a discipline. TheQuintic Consultancy’s work (2005) was used to introduce a sub-specialtyof biomechanics known as sports biomechanics, which studies theeffects of various forces on the sports performer. The AustralianSports Commission’s work (n. d.) introduced applied sports biomechanicsfocusing on improving perf ormance and preventing injury. Williams(2003) described how biomechanics can be used in improving theperformance of marathon runners, and he offered various biomechanicalstrategies. The material presented to this point provided a solid foundationfor reviewing existing literature on biomechanical differences betweenmale and female marathon runners with references to other types ofrunning and sports activities as appropriate. The review of theliterature began with the work of Holschen (2004) who explained thereasons for women having received too little attention in athleticresearch. The lack of available research, specifically on womenmarathoners, somewhat constrained the current review of the literature. A summary of Holden’s writings (2004) on performance of female runnersvis-à  -vis male runners was presented first, indicating that a female’ssmaller body provides an edge in endurance, but that men can run tenpercent faster. Seiler (1996) suggested that physiolo gical differencesbetween men and women impact the performance of females in all agegroups, confirming the ten percent edge that men have in marathonrunning times. He researched gender differences between men and womenin terms of maximal oxygen consumption, the lactate threshold, andefficiency finding that the first factor—maximal oxygen consumption—wasresponsible for the performance difference. Dollman’s research findings(2003), which included citing the work of other experts, listedgender-differentiated anatomical features of heart volume, haematocrit,plasma volume, total muscle mass, and others that can affect runningperformance. Following presentation of the results of the literature review on thebiomechanical differences between men and women, specifically thosedifferences that can affect marathon running, selected research intothe two areas of interest in applied sports biomechanics—runningperformance and injuries—was presented. Lipsky†™s work (2001), includingthe citation of Hennig’s research (2001), involved a study ofbiomechanical factors in the design of athletic footwear. The studyrevealed that the impact of running was independent of whether therunning shoes tested were designed specifically for men or for women.The study also indicated that men had significantly higher heel loads,but less midfoot loads. Lipsky’s recommendation was that women shouldselect running shoes that protect against overpronation. Bartold (2004)suggests that running footwear is designed around the biomechanicalrequirements of men and that the design could be responsible forinjuries in women. Parfit’s work (1994) in comparing running injuries of middledistance and marathon runners was used to show that marathoners—bothmale and female—may be more susceptible to injuries such as back andhip problems than are middle distance runners. Taunton et al. (2002)and others considered gender issues in runnin g injuries and identifiedthe most common types with difference percentages of injuries shown formales and females. CONCLUSIONS Despite the common evolutionary development of male and female humans,which the studies of American scientists Dennis Bramble and DanielLieberman indicate involved running as a significant component, theanatomic differences between adult men and woman result in differentperformance capabilities in physical activity, in general, and inmarathon running, specifically. The research reviewed for this essayconfirmed that performance differences between men and women areanatomical in nature and cannot be overcome by training alone. Theresearch indicated that marginal improvements in marathon performanceand reduction in injuries from marathons among women may be facilitatedby biomechanical interventions aimed at designing optimal runningfootwear for women. The conclusion based on the research is that, due to anatomicaldifferences, men will continue to excel over women in marathon runningin terms of better performance and reduced injuries—the two dimensionsof applied sports biomec hanics. This conclusion echoes the quoteattributed to Norways perennial marathon winner Grete Waitz (Holden,2004), as stated earlier: As long as women are women, I dont thinkthey will surpass men. As presented earlier, Holschen (2004) claims that the femaleathlete remains less well understood and less well studied comparedwith male athletes, especially in the areas of performance factors,repetitive stress, and acute injuries, suggesting that the newmillennium demands an increased emphasis on gender equity and thefemale athlete in all respects. An area in which additional attentionis needed is research into the biomechanical effects of running onwomen with the goals of improving performance and preventing injury—thetwo areas of interest in applied sports biomechanics. One opportunity for additional research that flowed from this researcheffort was that more definitive work is needed to confirm or reject theanecdotal evidence that Bartold (2004) claims as indicating that th eparticular biomechanics of female athletes and the way they runpredisposes them to specific injury patterns. If this evidence isconfirmed empirically, experts in the biomechanical field may be ableto recommend changes to footwear designed for running and otherinnovations that will not only reduce injuries to female runners butalso, perhaps, improve their running performance. Another opportunityfor further research would be a study comparing and contrasting thebiomechanical effects of ultramarathons on males and females. REFERENCES American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. (2000) biomechanics; run. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Atwater, A. E. (1985) Biomechanics and the female athlete, in PuhlJ., Brown C. H., Voy, R. O. (eds): Sports Science Perspectives forWomen. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Books, 1985. Cited in Holschen,Jolie (2004) The female athlete. Southern Medical Journal, September 1,2004. Atwater, A.E. (1980). Kinesiology/biomechanics: Perspectives andtrends. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51, 193-218. Citedin Knudson, Duane (2003) An integrated approach to the introductory biomechanics course. Physical Educator, September 22, 2003. (The) Australian Sports Commission (n. d.) What is biomechanics? Bartold, Simon (2004) Gender issues in sport: The impact on women, time to make a change. Blaikie, David (n. d.) What is an ultramarathon? Bonekat, H. W., Dombovy, M. L., and Staats, B. A. (1987)Progesterone-induced changes in exercise performance and ventilatoryresponse. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1987. Cited in Holschen, Jolie (2004)The female athlete. Southern Medical Journal, September 1, 2004. Bramble, Dennis and Lieberman, Daniel (2004) Distance running shaped human evolution.’ Nature (2004) Chui, Glennda (2004) Run, Homo sapiens, run. San Jose Mercury News, November 19, 2004. (The) Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (2005) marathon race. February 24, 2005. Costill, D. L. et al. (1987) Muscle fibre composition and enzymeactivities in elite female distance runners. International Journal ofSports Medicine, 8(Suppl. 2), 103-106. Cited in Dollman, James (2003) A problem-based approach to teaching exercise physiology: genderdifferences in athletic performance. The Journal of Physical Education,Recreation Dance, November 1, 2003. Cureton K. J., Collins M. A., Hill D. W., et al. (1988) Musclehypertrophy in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1988. Cited inHolschen, Jolie (2004) The female athlete. Southern Medical Journal,September 1, 2004. Daily Record (2004) Health: Sportsdoc—Closing the gap; your health ishis business: Radcliffe’s display in New York proves that moderntraining methods are now helping the ‘weaker’ sex catch up on men.November 24, 2004. Dollman, James (2003) A problem-based approach to teaching exercisephysiology: gender differences in athletic performance. The Journal ofPhysical Education, Recreation Dance, November 1, 2003. Dombovy M. L., Bonekat H. W., Williams T. J., et al. (1987) Exerciseperformance and ventilatory response in the menstrual cycle. Med SciSports Exerc, 1987. Cited in Holschen, Jolie (2004) The female athlete.Southern Medical Journal, September 1, 2004. Frankovich, R. J., Lebrun, C. M. (2000) The athletic woman: menstrualcycle, contraception, and performance. Clinics in Sports Medicine,2000. Cited in Holschen, Jolie (2004) The female athlete. SouthernMedical Journal, September 1, 2004. Freivalds, Andris (2004) Biomechanics of the upper limbs: Mechanics, modelling and musculoskeletal injuries. CRC Press, 2004. Greydanus, D. and Patel, D. (2002) The female athlete: Before andbeyond puberty. Pediatr Clin N Am, 2002. Cited in Holschen, Jolie(2004) The female athlete. Southern Medical Journal, September 1, 2004. Hennig, E. (2001) Gender differences for running in athletic footwear.Retrieved December 4, 2001, Cited in Lipsky, Samantha (2001) What agirl wants; what a girl needs. Hawkeye Engineer, Fall 2001. Hlus, Carolyn (1997) Long-distance running. The 1998 Canadian Encyclopedia, September 6, 1997. Holden, Constance (2004) An everlasting gender gap? Science, July 30, 2004. Holschen, Jolie (2004) The female athlete. Southern Medical Journal, September 1, 2004. Hotz, Robert Lee (2004) Study: Humans were born to run. The Cincinnati Post, November 18, 2004. (The) Hutchinson Encyclopedia (2003) biomechanics. September 22, 2003. Knudson, Duane (2003) An integrated approach to the introductory biomechanics course. Physical Educator, September 22, 2003. Lipsky, Samantha (2001) What a girl wants; what a girl needs. Hawkeye Engineer, Fall 2001. Macintyre, J. et al (1991) Running injuries: a clinical study of4,173 cases. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine 1991;1:81–7. Cited inTaunton, J. E. et al. (2002) A retrospective case-control analysis of2002 running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine2002:36:95-101. Meyers, Ed (2002) Ultramarathoners dont stop running. The News Journal, December 10, 2002. Miura, H. et al. (1997), Economy during a simulated economy testtriathlon is highly related to Olympic distance triathlon.International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 276-280. Dollman, James(2003) A problem-based approach to teaching exercise physiology: genderdifferences in athletic performance. The Journal of Physical Education,Recreation Dance, November 1, 2003. National Endurance Sports Trainers Association (2005) What is biomechanics? Nature (2004) Nicklas, B. J., Hackney, A. C., Sharp, R. L. (1989) The menstrualcycle and exercise: performance, muscle glycogen and substrateresponses. Int J Sports Med, 1989. Cited in Holschen, Jolie (2004) Thefemale athlete. Southern Medical Journal, September 1, 2004. Parfitt, P. (1994) Comparison of running injuries between middledistance and marathon runners. Journal of British Podiatric Medicine,49, (8), pp.133-136. Pritchard, Jonathan K. (1994) Mathematical models of running. American Scientist, November 1, 1994. Quintic Consultancy Ltd. (2005) What is biomechanics? Rossi, William A. (2003) The foot: Mother of humanity—Mankind oweshomage to our uniquely human feet, without which it could not haveevolved to its present state. Podiatry Management, April 1, 2003. Science in Africa (2005) Scientists say endurance running let us evolve to look the way we do, January 2005. Seiler, Stephen (1996) Gender differences in endurance performance and training. Shephard, R. J. (2000). Exercise and training in women, Part 1:Influence of gender on exercise and training responses. CanadianJournal of Applied Physiology, 25(1), 19-34. Dollman, James (2003) A problem-based approach to teaching exercise physiology: genderdifferences in athletic performance. The Journal of Physical Education,Recreation Dance, November 1, 2003. Snowden, Julie (2001) Orthotics 101: The prescription for proper footalignment. Kentuckyania Health Magazine, December 17, 2001. Tarnopolsky, L. J., MacDougal, J. D., Atkinson S. A, et al. (1990)Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol,1990. Cited in Holschen, Jolie (2004) The female athlete. SouthernMedical Journal, September 1, 2004. Taunton, J. E. et al. (2002) A retrospective case-control analysis of2002 running injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine2002:36:95-101. (The) University of Calgary (n. d.) What is biomechanics? University of Utah Public Relations (2004) Anatomical features thathelp humans run. Cited in Science in Africa (2005) Scientists sayendurance running let us evolve to look the way we do, January 2005. Webster’s New World Dictionary (1988), dash; marathon; marathoner. January 1, 1988. Webster’s New World Thesaurus, 3rd edition (1997) dash; race; sprint. January 1, 1997. Wilford, John Noble (2004) A long run for humans to get into theirshape: Scientists say body was made by strides. International HeraldTribune, November 19, 2004. Williams, Mel (2003) Can it improve your marathon time? Marathon Beyond, May 2003. Williford H. N., Scharff-Olson M., and Blessing D. L. (1993)Exercise prescription for women. Sports Med, 1993. Cited in Holschen,Jolie (2004) The female athlete. Southern Medical Journal, September 1,2004.

Case Question - 2051 Words

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Freedom Of Speech Positive And Negative Impact On The World

Freedom of speech had a link of positive impacts to the world. One positive impact would be the citizens questioning the government about their personal interests and opinion on free speech. This means that before freedom of speech was questioned, many citizens did not have a voice. The government was not concerned with increasing individual’s voices based on personal opinions and beliefs. When citizens began to question the government, the government had not one motive behind not giving individuals the opportunity to speak freely. This arouse more questioning and thoughts amongst citizens and government officials. The United States implemented the first amendment which is applied to all state and local governments. No one is restricted or†¦show more content†¦It gives leverage, support and clarity to certain circumstances. Negative Impact of Freedom of Speech Freedom of speech can be looked as negative as well. 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Cargills Quality free essay sample

It is a public listed subsidiary company under Cargills Quality foods which is fully owned subsidiary of Cargills PLC since 2010. Kotmale is a leading brand in the dairy sector in Sri Lanka. Under the â€Å"Kotmale† brand milk packets, chees, curd, yogurt and milk powder are produced. Kotmale Holdings PLC is named as Cargills Quality Dairies (Pvt) Ltd since 2010. In this report, Cargills Food City Retail Supply Chain is discussed by considering the product brand Kotmale Milk Packets. ? Retail Supply chain Above figure shows the retail supply chain of Cargills Food City regarding product â€Å"Kotmale UHT milk packets†. Stakeholders of this retail supply chain Milk Farmers who live in Upper country Sri Lanka Flavors suppliers Packaging supplier – Tetra Pak, Colombo Cargills Quality Dairies(Pvt)Ltd Cargills warehouse Cargills Food City Marketing and distribution operator – Millers Customers Final Consumer Milk Farmers When consider about this retail supply chain, milk farmers are the 2ndtier supplier. Mostly Cargills buy fresh milks from upper country milk farmers. This retail supply chain has about 15000 small scale milk farmers. For the better link with these milk farmers, Cargills has introduced HNB farmer insurance schemes free of charge. Cargills directly connect with these suppliers without having intermediaries. It is an advantage of this retail supply chain. Tetra Pak Another 1sttier supplier is Tetra Pak branch which is situated in Colombo. Tetra Pak is a multinational food packaging company. Cargills Quality Dairies The second tier supplier of the retail supply chain is Cargills Quality Dairies (Pvt) Ltd. It is the manufacturing and processing plant of Kotmale UHT milk packets. In this report we consider about manufacturing plant which is situated in upper Kotmale. Cargills Warehouse Cargills warehouse is the distribution center. It keeps the stock of milk packets and distributes one delivery per one week per each retail outlets. This is the largest warehouse in Sri Lanka. It handles over 50000 items. Cargills Food City The retailer of this retail supply chain is Cargills Food City. It is the most valuable retail brand in Sri Lanka. The largest retail chain consist the Cargills food cities all over the country. It has the motto â€Å"On your way home†. Mostly Cargills Food City focuses everyday busy customers. Cargills food city outlets have the mass customization strategy. There are around 232 outlets which a spreader in 23 districts. Millers The distribution and marketing operator of this retail supply chain is Millers. It is also a subsidiary company of Cargills Ceylon. â€Å"Millers† is the national distributor for all the Cargills manufactured and branded products. â€Å"Millers† links the raw material suppliers with manufacturing plant, manufacturing plant with warehouse and warehouse with Cargills food city outlets. †Millers† makes the Cargills retail supply chain unique by being the one and only distributor. Customer Customer may or may not be the final consumer. He is the person who purchases the product from retailer. In this supply chain, father who buys the Kotmale milk packet will be the customer. Retailer also is a customer of Cargills warehouse. Cargills warehouse is a customer of Cargills Quality Diaries and that manufacturing plant is a supplier of raw material suppliers. Customer buys these milk packets because of the influence of final consumer. Final Consumer Final consumer is the person who uses the products. In this supply chain, a small kid who drinks that milk packet will be the final consumer. ? Key Performance Measures Key Performance Indicators measures the organizational performance which is most critical for the success of the business. They should measure frequently. KPIs significantly affect the behavior of an organization. And also KPIs show the capabilities of managers, staff and the individuals. Let’s consider following framework to analyze the key performance of Cargills Food City retail supply chain. Business Strategy Supply chain strategy Supply chain objectives Operational Metrics Customer service Metrics Financial Metrics Current, Cargills use a competitive strategy of business strategy alignment in supply chain. It has aligned the supply chain strategy to the core business strategy. And Cargills has a strategy of lower retail price for customers. â€Å"On your way home† is the slogan of Cargills food city for everyday customers who live busy lives. Cargills Food city has a unique backward integration with suppliers. Operational metrics In operational metrics Cargills Food city, measures the internal performance of the supply chain and the business. Operational metrics are derived from processes, decisions and actions taken internally to meet or exceed the customer expectations. The goals of Cargills to measure operational metrics are waste reduction, inventory management, evaluate supplier performance, unit cost reduction and time compression. Interface: Cargills Food City Cargills has a Made to Stock order fulfillment strategy regarding Kotmale UHT milk packets. Cargiils food city keep a finished products inventory of Kotmale milk packets. So, it is vital to measure following key performance indicators under operational metrics. Invrntory turn over= (Cost of goods sold)/(Inventory investments) Inventory Holding days= 365/(Inventory turnover) Cargills food city has about 9. 125 inventory turnover value and the Inventory holding days is about 40 days. Interface: Cargills Warehouse/Cargills Food city interface Key performance indicator of this interface is stock holding day. Minimum stock holding days of Cargills warehouse is 15days. Interface: Suppliers Cargills retail supply chain regarding Kotmale has vertical integrated supply chain. Further it is a backward integration. In supplier interface, Cargills measures daily volume of collected milks from milk farmers in upper country. Present daily milk collection is about 60000-70000 liters. And also under waste reduction, Cargills measure KPIs regarding water consumption and energy consumption of manufacturing plant, Cargills Quality Dairies (pvt) Ltd. It measures in terms of cost per kilo. Interface: Distributor Rather than having third party distributor, Cargills retail supply chain has own distributor, Millers. In this interface, Cargills measure the delivery time of products and the transportation cost as key performance measures. Customer service metrics Customer service metrics are indications of a company’s ability to satisfy the needs of customers by meeting customer needs on timely basis and creating exceptional value to the customers. The ultimate output of this sector is satisfied customer. Through this performance measures, Cargills ensures about customer satisfaction, response time and delivery performance whether that the right product is available at right time in right place to the right customer. Cargills retail supply chain measures case fill rate, customer profitability, delivery time for customer and average response time. Interface: Cargills food city and manufacturing plant/customer interface In these interfaces, case fill rate is measured as a key performance indicator. Case fill rate=((No of cases customer received)/(No of cases in the customer order))*100 When consider about the responsive time, Cargills Food city has higher responsiveness. Another key performance indicator of Cargills Food city is time period of handling customer complaints. They handle those complaints within minimum time periods. They have a customer relation officer to handle those complaints within the premises. Cargills Food City measures four specific key performance measurements. They are customer retention, average purchase value, sales per square foot and sales increment. Customer retention rate gives the idea about customer loyalty towards the Cargills food city regarding product Kotmale Milk packet. And also it is a good indicator to evaluate the customer service level of the retail outlets. Customer Retention Rate=(((No of customers at the end of the period)-(No of new customers within that period))/((No of customers at the start of the period) ))*100 Besides customer retention rate, Cargills use Customer satisfaction metric to identify the customer perception towards the company. According to customer satisfaction rate, Cargills can decide whether the customers spread the good name or the bad name of the company. According to survey done by Cargills at the point of purchases, they have identified that a customer share the positive experience within Cargill outlets with another 2 or 3 people. But the negative experience is shared with the 8 to 10 people. So it is very important to measure this key performance indicator. The average purchase amount measures the value that gets per purchase order. Average purchase amount= (Total Revenue in a given period)/((No of purchase orders in that period)) Interface: Distribution- Millers When consider about product Kotmale UHT milk packets, Cargills supply chain has customers all over the country. They have divided country into regions and assign a day to deliver products. They have a schedule for it. That schedule goes with a route plan. In this interface Cargills’ key performance indicator is â€Å"Adherence to the route plan†. Millers do one delivery per one week per one branch with full loaded truck. Financial Metrics Financial metrics indicate whether the company’s strategy, implementation and execution are creating value for the shareholder by contributing bottom line improvements. Cargills measures the economic value as a key performance indicator. It describes about generation of wealth and the distribution within stakeholders. The direct economic value generated by Cargills group in 2013 is Rs. 10. 3 Bn. Besides that Cargills measure the return on assets, return on equity and profit margins to measure profitability of the business and the wealth generated from assets. Return On Assets=(Profit/(Total Assets))*100 Return On Equity=(Profit/(Shareholders equity))*100 Cargills measure PE ratio to identify the share value. PE Ratio= price/Earnings This PE ratio gives an image about the company portion towards the share. Higher PE ratio attracts more and more investors to the Cargills retail supply chain. Current PE ratio of the Cargills is about 50. SWOT Analysis and Recommendations SWOT analysis The competitive strategy of Cargills is business strategy alignment. Strengths Vertical integrated supply chain. The stakeholders of this supply chain, Cargills quality dairies (pvt) Ltd, Cargills warehouse and Cargills Food city are owned by one owner. That is Cargills Ceylon PLC. So it integrates supply chain partners properly. And also it reduces the transaction costs and uncertainty of the supply chain. Because of this vertical integrated supply chain, Cargills can keep a strong position in the market against international market partners. Low retail price for Kotmale UHT milk packets and high volume of sales. Cargills Food City’s slogan is â€Å"On your way home†. It mostly focuses the busy everyday consuming customers. Cargills Food city is the ease of one stop shop that gives the shopper convenience of purchasing groceries. So, customers attract to these retail outlets and buy more. Only one distributor along the whole retail supply chain. Cargills retail supply chain has only one distributor, Millers. So, the transportation cost is low. Has the largest retail outlets chain Most valuable retail brand in Sri Lanka This attracts more and more customers to the retail outlets. And Kotmale milk packet’s brand name also is more popular. Clear direction and coordination of top management It is strength of having a good coordination within supply chain. Coordination in collaborative manner improves the performance of supply chain. High technical advanced communication system Cargills has the largest IPVPN wide area network in Sri Lanka. It consist hundreds of router and network links. Through this communication tunnels, Cargills provide lot of value added services to the customers. Belongs the largest warehouse in the Sri Lanka Strong relationship with suppliers Direct link to milk farmers and rural areas Direct link with milk farmers improve the trust within suppliers and manufacturing plant. This trust is vital for long term success of the supply chain. Foe get quality raw milk, the trust is important. Long successful history Cargills retail supply chain has a long history. With an experience, they can clearly identify the obstacles in the supply chain and take action for them. Weaknesses Poor leadership in store level and operation level Storage issues at outlets, Cargills food cities Delay of payments for small scale milk suppliers Inadequate maintenance response time Manpower shortage Opportunities Capability of expanding supermarket chain After the war, market opportunities have been increased. Every successful business tends to start a business branch in Northern part of the country. So as a leading retail company, Cargills has a huge opportunity to start retail out lets and milk manufacturing plants in those areas. High demand for UHT milk packets. Rapid development in the supporting infrastructure and information technology in the world. Today the technology regarding supply chain increases without stopping. Adopting those technologies without delaying will be a competitive strategy for the retail supply chain. Adding more and more value added services Developing closer rural network and emerging markets to rural areas. Now the rural areas are also developing with high accessibility towards the market. There are better road network too. So, starting retail out lets in those areas will improve the quality of life of people and also will increase the market share. Highways. The development of road network reduces the transportation cost and travel time. Higher increase of population. The current trend of people is consuming products like Kotmale milk packets. Increase of population leads to increase of demand for these kinds of products. It is an opportunity for Cargills retail supply chain. Threats Force of competitors like keels super and Lak Sathosa. Keels super compete with Cargills Food city in terms of quality, price and customization. And also Lak Sathosa provides products at low prices. It attracts middle class and poor people highly because they concern about price rather than quality. Highly increasing inflation rate Pressure of international markets Recommendations for the improvement of supply chain The ultimate goal of any supply chain is satisfied customer. So it is important to keep existing customers while attracting new customers. When consider about profit, 80% of profits comes from the existing customers. So, Cargills should take action to retain the existing customers. For that except for having gift cards and senior citizens card systems, customer loyalty card system is highly recommended. Now, there is an increase of customer complaints towards the Cargills Food city. To handle those customer complaints efficiently and effectively, a better customer relationship management system is recommended. Cargills retail supply chain has the largest warehouse in the Sri Lanka. To improve the performance of this warehouse, RFID tracking system will be very useful. For better replenishment process, a good vendor management system is vital. For better coordination in collaborative manner within the retail supply chain of Cargills regarding Kotmale milk packets, starting a call center is vital. If Cargills can expand this retail supply chain out of the country, new markets can be achieved. Online shopping system which gives real time information will be a great an opportunity increase the market share. Today, customers’ lives are complex. They have busy schedules. So they like to do online shopping mostly. Rather than having supplier centered supply chain, it is good to have customer centered supply chain. Although it has a huge inventory in Cargills warehouse, it is a cost for the supply chain. It does not gain any revenue. So if the supply chain makes more visible to the supply chain partners, it will reduce the bullwhip effect while reducing inventory cost.